How Percona XtraBackup Works¶
Percona XtraBackup is based on InnoDB’s crash-recovery functionality. It copies your InnoDB data files, which results in data that is internally inconsistent; but then it performs crash recovery on the files to make them a consistent, usable database again.
This works because InnoDB maintains a redo log, also called the transaction log. This contains a record of every change to InnoDB data. When InnoDB starts, it inspects the data files and the transaction log, and performs two steps. It applies committed transaction log entries to the data files, and it performs an undo operation on any transactions that modified data but did not commit.
Percona XtraBackup works by remembering the log sequence number (LSN) when it starts, and then copying away the data files. It takes some time to do this, so if the files are changing, then they reflect the state of the database at different points in time. At the same time, Percona XtraBackup runs a background process that watches the transaction log files, and copies changes from it. Percona XtraBackup needs to do this continually because the transaction logs are written in a round-robin fashion, and can be reused. Percona XtraBackup needs the transaction log records for every change to the data files since it began execution.
Percona XtraBackup will use Backup locks
where available as a lightweight alternative to FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK. This feature is available in Percona Server for MySQL 5.6+. Percona XtraBackup uses this automatically to copy non-InnoDB data to avoid blocking DML queries that modify InnoDB tables. When backup locks are supported by the server, xtrabackup will first copy InnoDB data, run the LOCK TABLES FOR BACKUP and copy the MyISAM tables and .frm files. Once this is done, the backup of the files will begin. It will backup .frm, .MRG, .MYD, .MYI, .TRG, .TRN, .ARM, .ARZ, .CSM, .CSV, .par, and .opt files.
Note
Locking is done only for MyISAM and other non-InnoDB tables, and only after Percona XtraBackup is finished backing up all InnoDB/XtraDB data and logs. Percona XtraBackup will use Backup locks where available as a lightweight alternative to FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK. This feature is available in Percona Server for MySQL 5.6+. Percona XtraBackup uses this automatically to copy non-InnoDB data to avoid blocking DML queries that modify InnoDB tables.
After that, xtrabackup will use LOCK BINLOG FOR BACKUP to block all
operations that might change either the binary log position or
Exec_Master_Log_Pos or Exec_Gtid_Set (i.e. source binary log
coordinates corresponding to the current SQL thread state on a replication
replica) as reported by SHOW MASTER/SLAVE STATUS. xtrabackup will then
finish copying the REDO log files and fetch the binary log coordinates. After this is completed xtrabackup will unlock the binary log and tables.
Finally, the binary log position will be printed to STDERR and xtrabackup exits, returning 0 if all went OK.
Note that the STDERR of xtrabackup is not written in any file. You will have to redirect it to a file, e.g., xtrabackup OPTIONS 2> backupout.log.
It will also create the following files in the directory of the backup.
During the prepare phase, Percona XtraBackup performs crash recovery against the copied data files, using the copied transaction log file. After this is done, the database is ready to restore and use.
The backed-up MyISAM and InnoDB tables will be eventually consistent with each other, because after the prepare (recovery) process, InnoDB’s data is rolled forward to the point at which the backup completed, not rolled back to the point at which it started. This point in time matches where the FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK was taken, so the MyISAM data and the prepared InnoDB data are in sync.
The xtrabackup and innobackupex tools both offer many features not mentioned in the preceding explanation. Each tool’s functionality is explained in more detail further in the manual. In brief, though, the tools permit you to do operations such as streaming and incremental backups with various combinations of copying the data files, copying the log files, and applying the logs to the data.
Restoring a backup¶
To restore a backup with xtrabackup you can use the
xtrabackup --copy-back or xtrabackup --move-back options.
xtrabackup will read from the my.cnf the variables datadir,
innodb_data_home_dir, innodb_data_file_path,
innodb_log_group_home_dir and check that the directories exist.
It will copy the MyISAM tables, indexes, etc. (.frm, .MRG,
.MYD, .MYI, .TRG, .TRN, .ARM,
.ARZ, .CSM, .CSV, par and .opt files)
first, InnoDB tables and indexes next and the log files at last. It will
preserve file’s attributes when copying them, you may have to change the files’
ownership to mysql before starting the database server, as they will be
owned by the user who created the backup.
Alternatively, the xtrabackup --move-back option may be used to
restore a backup. This option is similar to xtrabackup --copy-back
with the only difference that instead of copying files it moves them to their
target locations. As this option removes backup files, use it with
caution. It is useful when there is not enough free disk space to hold both the data files and their backup copies.