Improved MEMORY storage engine¶

As of MySQL 5.5.15, a Fixed Row Format (FRF) is still being used in the MEMORY storage engine. The fixed row format imposes restrictions on the type of columns as it assigns in advance a limited amount of memory per row. This renders a VARCHAR field in a CHAR field in practice and makes it impossible to have a TEXT or BLOB field with that engine implementation.

To overcome this limitation, the Improved MEMORY Storage Engine is introduced in this release for supporting true VARCHAR, VARBINARY, TEXT, and BLOB fields in the MEMORY tables.

This implementation is based on the Dynamic Row Format (DFR) introduced by the mysql-heap-dynamic-rows patch.

DFR is used to store column values in a variable-length form, thus helping to decrease the memory footprint of those columns and making possible BLOB and TEXT fields and real VARCHAR and VARBINARY.

Unlike the fixed implementation, each column value in DRF uses only as much space as required. Variable-length values can use up to 4 bytes to store the actual value length, and only the necessary number of blocks is used to store the value.

Rows in DFR are represented internally by multiple memory blocks, which means that a single row can consist of multiple blocks organized into one set. Each row occupies at least one block, there can not be multiple rows within a single block. Block size can be configured when creating a table (see below).

This DFR implementation has two caveats regarding ordering and indexes.

Caveats¶

Ordering of rows¶

In the absence of ORDER BY, records may be returned in a different order than the previous MEMORY implementation.

This is not a bug. Any application relying on a specific order without an ORDER BY clause may deliver unexpected results. A specific order without ORDER BY is a side effect of a storage engine and query optimizer implementation which may and will change between minor MySQL releases.

Indexing¶

It is currently impossible to use indexes on BLOB columns due to some limitations of the Dynamic Row Format. Trying to create such an index will fail with the following error:

Expected output

BLOB column '<name>' can't be used in key specification with the used table type.

Restrictions¶

For performance reasons, a mixed solution is implemented: the fixed format is used at the beginning of the row, while the dynamic one is used for the rest of it.

The size of the fixed-format portion of the record is chosen automatically on CREATE TABLE and cannot be changed later. This, in particular, means that no indexes can be created later with CREATE INDEX or ALTER TABLE when the dynamic row format is used.

All values for columns used in indexes are stored in fixed format at the first block of the row, then the following columns are handled with DRF.

This sets two restrictions to tables:

* the order of the fields and therefore,

* the minimum size of the block used in the table.

Ordering of columns¶

The columns used in fixed format must be defined before the dynamic ones in the CREATE TABLE statement. If this requirement is not met, the engine will not be able to add blocks to the set for these fields and they will be treated as fixed.

Minimum block size¶

The block size has to be big enough to store all fixed-length information in the first block. If not, the CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statements will fail (see below).

Limitations¶

MyISAM tables are still used for query optimizer internal temporary tables where the MEMORY tables could be used now instead: for temporary tables containing large VARCHAR\`s, ``BLOB, andTEXT` columns.

Setting row format¶

Taking the restrictions into account, the Improved MEMORY Storage Engine will choose DRF over FRF at the moment of creating the table according to following criteria:

* There is an implicit request of the user in the column types **OR**

* There is an explicit request of the user **AND** the overhead incurred by `DFR` is beneficial.

Implicit request¶

The implicit request by the user is taken when there is at least one BLOB or TEXT column in the table definition. If there are none of these columns and no relevant option is given, the engine will choose FRF.

For example, this will yield the use of the dynamic format:

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (f1 VARCHAR(32), f2 TEXT, PRIMARY KEY (f1)) ENGINE=HEAP;

While this will not:

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (f1 VARCHAR(16), f2 VARCHAR(16), PRIMARY KEY (f1)) ENGINE=HEAP;

Explicit request¶

The explicit request is set with one of the following options in the CREATE TABLE statement:

* `KEY_BLOCK_SIZE = <value>`

* Requests the DFR with the specified block size (in bytes)

Despite its name, the KEY_BLOCK_SIZE option refers to a block size used to store data rather then indexes. The reason for this is that an existing CREATE TABLE option is reused to avoid introducing new ones.

The Improved MEMORY Engine checks whether the specified block size is large enough to keep all key column values. If it is too small, table creation will abort with an error.

After DRF is requested explicitly and there are no BLOB or TEXT columns in the table definition, the Improved MEMORY Engine will check if using the dynamic format provides any space saving benefits as compared to the fixed one:

* if the fixed row length is less than the dynamic block size (plus the dynamic row overhead - platform dependent) **OR**

* there isn’t any variable-length columns in the table or `VARCHAR` fields are declared with length 31 or less,

the engine will revert to the fixed format as it is more space efficient in such case. The row format being used by the engine can be checked using SHOW TABLE STATUS.

Examples¶

On a 32-bit platform:

mysql> CREATE TABLE t1 (f1 VARCHAR(32), f2 VARCHAR(32), f3 VARCHAR(32), f4 VARCHAR(32), PRIMARY KEY (f1)) KEY_BLOCK_SIZE=124 ENGINE=HEAP;

mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 't1';

Expected output

Name  Engine  Version    Rows Avg_row_length  Data_length     Max_data_length Index_length    Data_free       Auto_increment  Create_time     Update_time     Check_time      Collation       Checksum        Create_options  Comment
t1    MEMORY  10         X    0       X       0       0       NULL    NULL    NULL    NULL    latin1_swedish_ci       NULL    row_format=DYNAMIC KEY_BLOCK_SIZE=124

On a 64-bit platform:

mysqlCREATE TABLE t1 (f1 VARCHAR(32), f2 VARCHAR(32), f3 VARCHAR(32), f4 VARCHAR(32), PRIMARY KEY (f1)) KEY_BLOCK_SIZE=124 ENGINE=HEAP;

mysqlSHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 't1';

Expected output

Name  Engine  Version    Rows Avg_row_length  Data_length     Max_data_length Index_length    Data_free       Auto_increment  Create_time     Update_time     Check_time      Collation       Checksum        Create_options  Comment
t1    MEMORY  10         X    0       X       0       0       NULL    NULL    NULL    NULL    latin1_swedish_ci       NULL    KEY_BLOCK_SIZE=124

Implementation details¶

MySQL MEMORY tables keep data in arrays of fixed-size chunks. These chunks are organized into two groups of HP_BLOCK structures:

group1 contains indexes, with one HP_BLOCK per key (part of HP_KEYDEF),
group2 contains record data, with a single HP_BLOCK for all records.

While columns used in indexes are usually small, other columns in the table may need to accommodate larger data. Typically, larger data is placed into VARCHAR or BLOB columns.

The Improved MEMORY Engine implements the concept of dataspace, HP_DATASPACE, which incorporates the HP_BLOCK structures for the record data, adding more information for managing variable-sized records.

Variable-size records are stored in multiple “chunks”, which means that a single record of data (a database “row”) can consist of multiple chunks organized into one “set”, contained in HP_BLOCK structures.

In variable-size format, one record is represented as one or many chunks depending on the actual data, while in fixed-size mode, one record is always represented as one chunk. The index structures would always point to the first chunk in the chunkset.

Variable-size records are necessary only in the presence of variable-size columns. The Improved Memory Engine will be looking for BLOB or VARCHAR columns with a declared length of 32 or more. If no such columns are found, the table will be switched to the fixed-size format. You should always put such columns at the end of the table definition in order to use the variable-size format.

Whenever data is being inserted or updated in the table, the Improved Memory Engine will calculate how many chunks are necessary.

For INSERT operations, the engine only allocates new chunksets in the recordspace. For UPDATE operations it will modify the length of the existing chunkset if necessary, unlinking unnecessary chunks at the end, or allocating and adding more if a larger length is needed.

When writing data to chunks or copying data back to a record, fixed-size columns are copied in their full format, while VARCHAR and BLOB columns are copied based on their actual length, skipping any NULL values.

When allocating a new chunkset of N chunks, the engine will try to allocate chunks one-by-one, linking them as they become allocated. For allocating a single chunk, it will attempt to reuse a deleted (freed) chunk. If no free chunks are available, it will try to allocate a new area inside a HP_BLOCK.

When freeing chunks, the engine will place them at the front of a free list in the dataspace, each one containing a reference to the previously freed chunk.

The allocation and contents of the actual chunks varies between fixed and variable-size modes:

Format of a fixed-size chunk:
- uchar[] * With sizeof=chunk_dataspace_length, but at least sizeof(uchar\*) bytes. It keeps actual data or pointer to the next deleted chunk, where chunk_dataspace_length equals to full record length
- uchar * Status field (1 means “in use”, 0 means “deleted”)
Format of a variable-size chunk:
- uchar[] * With sizeof=chunk_dataspace_length, but at least sizeof(uchar\*) bytes. It keeps actual data or pointer to the next deleted chunk, where chunk_dataspace_length is set according to table’s key_block_size
- uchar\* * Pointer to the next chunk in this chunkset, or NULL for the last chunk
- uchar * Status field (1 means “first”, 0 means “deleted”, 2 means “linked”)

Total chunk length is always aligned to the next sizeof(uchar\*).

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Last update: 2023-01-12